Instructions: The questions in this scale
ask you about your feelings and thoughts during the last month. In each case, please
indicate with a check how often you felt or thought a certain way.
1. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the
important things in your life?
___0=never ___1=almost never ___2=sometimes ___3=fairly often ___4=very often
2. In the last month, how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle
your personal problems?
___0=never ___1=almost never ___2=sometimes ___3=fairly often ___4=very often
3. In the last month, how often have you felt that things were going your way?
___0=never ___1=almost never ___2=sometimes ___3=fairly often ___4=very often
4. In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high
that you could not overcome them?
___0=never ___1=almost never ___2=sometimes ___3=fairly often ___4=very often
This scale can be found in the following articles:
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal
of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396.
Cohen, S., & Williamson, G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the
United States. In S. Spacapam & S. Oskamp (Eds.), The social psychology of health:
Claremont Symposium on applied social psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Perceived Stress Scale Scoring
PSS-4 scores are obtained by reverse coding the positive items, e.g., 0=4, 1=3, 2=2, etc.
and then summing across all 4 items. Items 2 and 3 are the positively stated items.